Gas surface density

The data

The cluster is the most massive halo whose center lies in the map's 50 h⁻¹Mpc slab (y from 1658 to 1708 h⁻¹Mpc), at the final snapshot (z = 0). The page loads its 9.9 million gas, dark matter and star particles out to 2.7 R_200c and splats them in the browser with the map's SPH kernel.

Frontier-E is a cosmological hydrodynamics simulation run with CRK-HACC on the Frontier exascale supercomputer. It evolved four trillion particles, dark matter and gas, including gas cooling, star formation and feedback.

If you use images from this page, please cite the Frontier-E simulation paper (Frontiere et al., in prep.) and Frontiere et al. 2025 (SC25), and acknowledge the OLCF INCITE allocation HEP142.

Code and papers

1. The Frontier-E simulationFrontiere et al., The Frontier-E Simulation: Exascale Hydrodynamics for Cosmological Surveys, in preparation
2. The exascale run (SC25 Gordon Bell Prize finalist)Frontiere, Emberson, Buehlmann, Rangel, Habib, Heitmann, et al. (2025), Cosmological Hydrodynamics at Exascale: A Trillion-Particle Leap in Capability, Proc. SC '25, ACM
3. Galaxy formation modelFrontiere, Emberson, Buehlmann, Habib, Heitmann, Ramachandra, Faucher-Giguère (2025), Modeling Galaxy Formation in Cosmological Simulations with CRK-HACC, arXiv:2511.21921
4. CRK-HACC hydrodynamicsFrontiere, Emberson, Buehlmann, Adamo, Habib, Heitmann, Faucher-Giguère (2023), Simulating Hydrodynamics in Cosmology with CRK-HACC, ApJS 264, 34
5. HACCHabib, Pope, Finkel, Frontiere, Heitmann, et al. (2016), HACC: Simulating Sky Surveys on State-of-the-Art Supercomputing Architectures, New Astronomy 42, 49

HACC ↗ · OpenCosmo ↗ · Map viewer ↗

Acknowledgements

This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. An award of computer time was provided by the Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (INCITE) program under project HEP142.

The particles were extracted with resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, a U.S. DOE Office of Science user facility at Argonne National Laboratory, supported under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Argonne National Laboratory's work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

This page was written with the use of AI from Anthropic (Claude).

Prototype by Michael Buehlmann, Computational Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory.